{"id":12227,"date":"2024-12-09T12:10:25","date_gmt":"2024-12-09T11:10:25","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2024-12-09T17:59:26","modified_gmt":"2024-12-09T16:59:26","slug":"abstract-control-of-constitutionality","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ustavbih.ba\/en\/article-vi-constitutional-court-of-bosnia-and-herzegovina\/d-jurisdiction-article-vi-3\/abstract-control-of-constitutionality-organic-and-federal-disputes-article-vi-3a-of-the-bih-constitution\/subject-of-the-request-ratione-materiae\/abstract-control-of-constitutionality\/","title":{"rendered":"Abstract control of constitutionality"},"content":{"rendered":"

The provision of Article VI.3(a) of the BiH Constitution expressly stipulates the \u201cprovision of an Entity\u2019s constitution or law\u201d as the subject of the abstract control (review) of constitutionality. The groups mentioned in Article VI.3(a) of the BiH Constitution are not final, which clearly follows from the clause \u201cincluding but not limited to\u201d.2917 <\/sup><\/span>Therefore, the groups in question have the character of an example of jurisdiction.2918 <\/sup><\/span>Although Article VI.3(a) does not expressly indicate the laws of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Constitutional Court also has jurisdiction to review such legal acts. On the one hand, this follows from the fact that the proceedings of abstract control (review) may be instituted by a member of the Chair of Deputy Chair of either Chamber of the Parliamentary Assembly.2919 <\/sup><\/span>It is obvious that the starting point for the Constitutional Court is the view that the authorisation of these authorities makes sense only if the State laws may be challenged. On the other hand, this jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court rests on the fact that the BiH Constitution shall have priority over all other laws of Bosnia and Herzegovina under Article III.3(b) of the BiH Constitution.2920 <\/sup><\/span>In a later decision, the Constitutional Court did not give rise to the discussion of this jurisdiction.2921 <\/sup><\/span>However, the Constitutional Court has clearly stated that not only certain provisions but the law as a whole may be the subject of a review of constitutionality.2922 <\/sup><\/span>Finally, an additional argument in support of the Constitutional Court\u2019s jurisdiction to review the State laws is an a contrario conclusion deriving from the provision of Article VI.3(c) of the BiH Constitution.2923 <\/sup><\/span>Based on the issues referred to the Constitutional Court by any other court in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Constitutional Court may generally review the \u201claws\u201d, not only the \u201cEntity laws\u201d. Therefore, there cannot be found a justified reason for denying the Constitutional Court jurisdiction to review the State laws under Article VI.3(a) of the BiH Constitution either.<\/p>\n

Taking into account this system, the Constitutional Court interprets its jurisdiction quite correctly so as to limit itself to general legal acts.2924 <\/sup><\/span>However, these are not only the Entity acts but also State acts.2925 <\/sup><\/span>According to Article 17, paragraph 1, item 8 of the Rules of the BiH Constitutional Court, the Constitutional Court shall only review the legal acts in force.2926 <\/sup><\/span>According to Article 65, paragraph 2, in conjunction with paragraph 1 item 2 of the Rules of the BiH Constitutional Court, the acts which are no more in force may also be reviewed if there is a manifest violation of the provisions of Article II of the BiH Constitution,2927 <\/sup><\/span>or if the consequences of the violation of rights and fundamental freedoms have not been removed.<\/p>\n

The first case in which the Constitutional Court reviewed the constitutionality of the provisions of the Entities\u2019 Constitutions was Case No. U 5\/98.2928 <\/sup><\/span>The fact that the Constitutional Court may declare provisions of the Entities\u2018 Constitutions invalid does not mean that Constitutional Court, in the case of the unconstitutionality of the provisions of the Entities\u2019 Constitutions, has jurisdiction to \u201ccreate new constitutional norms\u201d.2929 <\/sup><\/span>The Constitutional Court\u2019s jurisdiction to declare the provisions of the Entities\u2019 Constitutions invalid also derives from Article XII of the BiH Constitution, which stipulates an obligation for the Entities to amend their respective constitutions to ensure their conformity with the BiH Constitution in accordance with Article III.3(b).2930 <\/sup><\/span>The judicial review by the Constitutional Court does not depend on the number of challenged provisions, nor is there any normative difference between the provisions and the \u201cfundamental principles\u201d of the Constitution.2931 <\/sup><\/span>Therefore, the \u201cfundamental principles\u201d of the Constitution are also subject to a review. Each provision of the Entities\u2019 Constitution may be the subject of review. However, the provisions of the State Constitution cannot be subject to the judicial review of constitutionality, since all provisions of the BiH Constitution are of the same normative level.2932 <\/sup><\/span>Moreover, the GFAP can neither be subject to a review in respect of the Constitution of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In Case No. U 7\/97, the 1861 Croatian Law Party (Hrvatska stranka prava 1861) and the 1861 Bosnia-Herzegovina Law Party (Bosansko- Hercegovacka stranka prava 1861) claimed that the GFAP was in violation of Article 398 of the Constitution of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.2933 <\/sup><\/span>They further claimed that the GFAP undermined the integrity of the State and led to its disintegration (dismembratio). The Constitutional Court dismissed the request for review of constitutionality without giving an extensive reasoning but stated that \u201cthe Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina forms Annex IV of the General Framework Agreement. The Constitutional Court finds that the General Framework Agreement cannot, therefore, possibly contradict the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina\u201d. Moreover, \u201cthe Constitutional Court is not competent to evaluate the constitutionality of the General Framework Agreement in respect of the Constitution of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina as the Constitutional Court has in fact been established under the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to uphold [\u2026] the Constitution\u201d.2934<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n

We agree with the aforementioned conclusion of the Constitutional Court. On the other hand, it has been made clear that the Constitutional Court, which was established in accordance with the BiH Constitution, cannot use the RBiH Constitution as a standard of review. Otherwise, the Constitutional Court would have to, based on the relevant provisions of the RBiH Constitution and Constitution of the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia, review the basis of its existence, including (in a way) the issue of revolutionary2935 <\/sup><\/span>evolution, i.e., rendering ineffective the RBiH Constitution through the BiH Constitution. Therefore, as the Constitutional Court of BiH was established on the basis of the applicable BiH Constitution (Article XII of the BiH Constitution), the Constitutional Court is the only body which is subject to the applicable Constitution. Moreover, the reference to the structural reasons deserves support, since the conclusion that the GFAP cannot contradict the Constitution under Annex 4 may be understandable only if the GFAP and its Annexes are regarded as a single international treaty. The fact that the Constitutional Court upholds such a view would become obvious through the Court\u2019s later case-law2936 <\/sup><\/span>in which the Court, by referring to Decision No. U 7\/97 declined its jurisdiction to review the consistency of the other Annexes with the Constitution (the other Annexes are not mentioned in Decision No. U 7\/97). If the GFAP and its Annexes are regarded as a single peace treaty, possible inconsistencies can be resolved by the use of the usual rules relating to legal inconsistencies (Konkurrenzregeln), which derive from the principle of a single legal system (a treaty in this case). The system of terms \u201cGeneral Framework Agreement \u2013 Annexes\u201d comes close to the hypothesis on their unity. However, by submitting strong arguments, the view according to which the Dayton Peace Agreement is in reality a \u201cpackage\u201d of independent international agreements regardless of the fact that the General Framework Agreement2937 <\/sup><\/span>binds them together. In that case, inconsistencies may appear at least in parts where the signatory Parties are not the same ones, as is the case with the General Framework Agreement and some of its Annexes. Anyhow, taking into account international law (consensual principle), it is correct that a body, which has been established on the basis of a treaty, does not have the jurisdiction and power (for example, judicial) to act in the field to which another treaty applies, unless otherwise expressly agreed.2938 <\/sup><\/span>This must also apply if the General Framework Agreement and its Annexes are regarded as a single treaty, the reasoning of which would be that the General Framework Agreement is not in any hierarchical relation to certain Annexes.2939 <\/sup><\/span>Taking the legal-international independence of individual annexes as a starting point, a possible inconsistency could arise between the BiH Constitution (regardless of whether it is regarded as part of the GFAP or not) and the RBiH Constitution, since the entry into force of the former is not regulated by the General Framework Agreement but by Article XII of the BiH Constitution.<\/p>\n

General administrative acts cannot be reviewed regardless of whether these are municipal acts2940 <\/sup><\/span>or acts of the Entities\u2019 Governments.2941 <\/sup><\/span>The same applies to the book of rules and school statutes,2942 <\/sup><\/span>decisions and contracts of public companies,2943 <\/sup><\/span>decisions of managing boards of public hospitals and administrative acts issued by the Election Commission under Article 2.9 of the Election Law of BiH.2944 <\/sup><\/span>The Constitutional Court is not called to put forward proposals for amendments to the Constitution,2945 <\/sup><\/span>nor is it called to give its advice or opinions or adopt views.2946 <\/sup><\/span>In Case No. U 37\/01, the Constitutional Court, in accordance with Article VI.3(a) of the BiH Constitution, rejected the appeal, i.e., the request of a group of representatives for review, of a decision of the High Representative to remove Mr. Edhem Bicak\u010di\u0107 from the office of Director General of \u201cElektroprivreda Bosne i Hercegovine\u201d (\u201cElectric Power of Bosnia and Herzegovina\u201d), without giving reasons why, in fact, the review was not possible.2947<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The provision of Article VI.3(a) of the BiH Constitution expressly stipulates the \u201cprovision of an Entity\u2019s constitution or law\u201d as the subject of the abstract control (review) of constitutionality. The groups mentioned in Article VI.3(a) of the BiH Constitution are not final, which clearly follows from the clause \u201cincluding but not limited to\u201d.2917 Therefore, the … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":12226,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12227","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nAbstract control of constitutionality - Commentary on BiH Constitution<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ustavbih.ba\/en\/article-vi-constitutional-court-of-bosnia-and-herzegovina\/d-jurisdiction-article-vi-3\/abstract-control-of-constitutionality-organic-and-federal-disputes-article-vi-3a-of-the-bih-constitution\/subject-of-the-request-ratione-materiae\/abstract-control-of-constitutionality\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Abstract control of constitutionality - Commentary on BiH Constitution\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The provision of Article VI.3(a) of the BiH Constitution expressly stipulates the \u201cprovision of an Entity\u2019s constitution or law\u201d as the subject of the abstract control (review) of constitutionality. 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