{"id":12025,"date":"2024-12-09T12:10:24","date_gmt":"2024-12-09T11:10:24","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2024-12-09T16:42:16","modified_gmt":"2024-12-09T15:42:16","slug":"lawfulness-of-interference-with-the-right-to-property","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ustavbih.ba\/en\/article-ii-human-rights-and-fundamental-freedoms\/c-obligation-to-directly-apply-the-echr-article-ii-2-of-the-bih-constitution\/protection-of-property-article-1-of-additional-protocol-no-1-to-the-echr\/justification\/lawfulness-of-interference-with-the-right-to-property\/","title":{"rendered":"Lawfulness of interference with the right to property"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"p1\">Interference with the right to property is subject to \u201cthe conditions provided for by law [&#8230;]\u201d. The obligation of lawfulness has a central meaning within the principle of the legal state in order to justify any interventions whatsoever into the right to ownership.<span class=\"s1\"><sup>1952 <\/sup><\/span>Therefore, this principle is equally related to the deprivation de facto and deprivation de iure.<span class=\"s1\"><sup>1953<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">At any rate, every interference without legal basis is unlawful where, for example, the administration takes a lawful possession without complying with the procedure for deprivation of the right to possession provided for by the law.<span class=\"s1\"><sup>1954 <\/sup><\/span>In addition, the notion of \u201clegal basis\u201d covers not only the laws but also other general legal acts such as decrees and acts of public companies (statutes etc.) based on which the employer pays compensation for performed work, if such acts fulfil the standards of the ECHR (publicity, i.e., access and transparency).<span class=\"s1\"><sup>1955<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">However, an interference is unlawful even if there is a legal basis but that legal basis is not brought into line with the BiH Constitution, i.e., compatible with the ECHR. According to the ECHR, the legal basis must be accessible to the individual and formulated in a sufficiently clear manner.<span class=\"s1\"><sup>1956 <\/sup><\/span>If the aforementioned is not the case, the affected person is not able \u2013 or is able solely with appropriate advice \u2013 to behave in accordance with the law and to foresee what consequences a given action may entail. Those consequences need not be foreseeable with absolute certainty: experience shows this to be unattainable. Again, whilst certainty is highly desirable, it may bring with it excessive rigidity, whereas the law must be able to keep pace with changing circumstances. Accordingly, many laws are inevitably couched in terms which, to a greater or lesser extent, are vague and whose interpretation and application are questions to be resolved by courts and competent authorities.<span class=\"s1\"><sup>1957 <\/sup><\/span>The use of vague terms is therefore necessary and allowed but in the event a disputable case arises there must be the possibility of review by courts.<span class=\"s1\"><sup>1958<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">As any interference with the right to property must be in accordance with the BiH Constitution and thus ECHR, the Constitutional Court and other courts and administrations are obliged to review the conformity of applicable laws with the BiH Constitution and European Court of Human Rights while examining the lawfulness of interference.<span class=\"s1\"><sup>1959 <\/sup><\/span>In this respect, not only are human rights and freedoms included in the constitutional standards but also the constitutional principle such as the legal state or separation of powers.<span class=\"s1\"><sup>1960 <\/sup><\/span>For example, the situation in which the executive power adjourns the enforcement of a legally binding judgment, either by issuing a decree or tacitly, constitutes a violation of the principle of separation of powers, since it does not have the right to interfere with the judicial power.<span class=\"s1\"><sup>1961 <\/sup><\/span>In order for the interference to be lawful, it is necessary to apply the appropriate law and to apply it correctly, not arbitrarily; this is not the case if the legal basis is not in force any longer,<span class=\"s1\"><sup>1962 <\/sup><\/span>if the law is applied wrongly or arbitrarily,<span class=\"s1\"><sup>1963 <\/sup><\/span>or if the interference is based on an incorrect law.<span class=\"s1\"><sup>1964<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">If the interference lacks legal grounds or if the legal grounds are unconstitutional, the examination of the proportionality of the interference is of no significance anyway.<span class=\"s1\"><sup>1965<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The interference which does not take account of the decisions of the High Representative or temporary measures imposed by the Human Rights Chamber is unlawful.<span class=\"s1\"><sup>1966 <\/sup><\/span>The measures which had a legal basis at the beginning must not be in force any more if the related legal basis was abrogated subsequently. In this respect, temporary allocation of abandoned apartments to refugees based on the Law on Abandoned Apartments was probably covered by the law at the beginning. However, if the legal basis was later abolished, and all administrative, judicial and other decisions which were taken in compliance with that law were rendered ineffective, then the continuation of the allocation of apartments to third persons is without legal basis.<span class=\"s1\"><sup>1967 <\/sup><\/span>It amounts to the same situation, whether there is no legal basis or if it is abolished in a judicial decision.<span class=\"s1\"><sup>1968<\/sup><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Interference with the right to property is subject to \u201cthe conditions provided for by law [&#8230;]\u201d. The obligation of lawfulness has a central meaning within the principle of the legal state in order to justify any interventions whatsoever into the right to ownership.1952 Therefore, this principle is equally related to the deprivation de facto and &hellip; <a class=\"text-primary\" href=\"https:\/\/ustavbih.ba\/en\/article-ii-human-rights-and-fundamental-freedoms\/c-obligation-to-directly-apply-the-echr-article-ii-2-of-the-bih-constitution\/protection-of-property-article-1-of-additional-protocol-no-1-to-the-echr\/justification\/lawfulness-of-interference-with-the-right-to-property\/\">Read&nbsp;more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":12024,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12025","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Lawfulness of interference with the right to property - Commentary on BiH Constitution<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ustavbih.ba\/en\/article-ii-human-rights-and-fundamental-freedoms\/c-obligation-to-directly-apply-the-echr-article-ii-2-of-the-bih-constitution\/protection-of-property-article-1-of-additional-protocol-no-1-to-the-echr\/justification\/lawfulness-of-interference-with-the-right-to-property\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Lawfulness of interference with the right to property - Commentary on BiH Constitution\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Interference with the right to property is subject to \u201cthe conditions provided for by law [&#8230;]\u201d. 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